Pricing financial claims contingent upon an underlying asset monitored at discrete times

Exotic option contracts typically specify a contingency upon an underlying asset price monitored at a discrete set of times. Yet, techniques used to price such options routinely assume continuous monitoring leading to often substantial price discrepancies. A brief review of relevant option-pricing methods is presented. The pricing problem is transformed into one of Wiener–Hopf type using a z-transform in time and a Fourier transform in the logarithm of asset prices. The Wiener–Hopf technique is used to obtain probabilistic identities for the related random walks killed by an absorbing boundary. An accurate and efficient approximation is obtained using Padé approximants and an approximate inverse z-transform based on the trapezoidal rule. For simplicity, European barrier options in a Gaussian Black–Scholes framework are used to exemplify the technique (for which exact analytic expressions are obtained). Extensions to different option contracts and options driven by other Lévy processes are discussed.